Phenakistiscopes and Zoetropes
By
the 1830s, phenakistiscopes were in use. In the phenakistiscope, a
spinning disk with slits provided the correct number of frames per second to
give the impression of motion.
The Zoetrope was invented by the mathematician William Horner in 1834 (he called it the daedalum...devil's wheel). It was forgotten for 30 years but then patented in England and America in 1867 and given the name zoetrope (wheel of life). By the late 1860s it was a popular children's toy and, Zoetropes are still available today.